International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences is a Bi-Monthly(6 Issue Per Year) refereed, double-blind peer-reviewed English Literature Journal | Social Sciences Journal. The aim of the journal is to bring together specialists from various disciplines to exchange information and disseminate knowledge worldwide. We publish articles and research papers in the field of English literature, social sciences and humanities such as economics, political science, human geography, demography, psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and applied linguistics. The journal is non-profit and open access for scholars, researchers, teachers, and officials interested in the fields enumerated above. Both referees and authors are anonymous and articles are checked upon reception for plagiarism before being passed to reviewers. The journal publishes research papers, review papers, case studies in the field of English literature, and social sciences such as: Anthropology, applied linguistics studies, Arts, Business Studies, Communication Studies, communicative language teaching (CLT), comparative literature, computational linguistics, Corporate Governance, corpus linguistics, Criminology, critical theory today, Cross Cultural Studies, cross-cultural studies, Demography, Development Studies, discourse analysis, Economics, Education, English globalization, English language, English language testing and assessment, English literature, English speaking culture, English teaching and learning, Ethics, gender studies in language, Geography, History, Human Rights, Industrial Relations, Information Science, interdisciplinary approaches in literature, International Relations, Law, Library Science, Linguistics, Literature, literature and media, literature studies, Media Studies, methodology, Paralegal, Performing Arts, performing arts (music theater & dance), Philosophy, Political Science, Population Studies, Psychology, Public Administration, Religious Studies, second language acquisition, Social Welfare, Sociology, syllabus design and curriculum development, task-based language teaching (tblt), translation studies, Visual Arts, women studies, world literature.
Criminal Law Study on Forging Birth Certificates for Inheritance Claims
A crime is an act prohibited by law and accompanied by a threat of sanction in the form of a criminal penalty. One example of such a crime is the forgery of a birth certificate for the purpose of obtaining an inheritance. The focus of this study is to analyse the legal aspects of the crime of falsifying birth certificates to gain inheritance rights. To address this issue, the research employs normative legal methods (also known as normative juridical research) conducted through library research. The aim is to understand how the law views and analyzes the crime of falsifying birth certificates with the intent to obtain inheritance. The findings indicate that cases involving birth certificate forgery must be thoroughly investigated, as such actions can cause harm to others. Therefore, it is essential for judges to take clear and decisive action in order to uphold justice. Failure to do so may result in injustice and harm to those who rightfully deserve the inheritance.
Frankenstein: A Feminist Approach and Gender Studies
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein explores the themes of femininity and masculinity. The novel has captivated readers with its unique examination of the human condition, scientific ambition, and the consequences of unchecked masculinity. Using feminist and gender studies perspectives, this interpretation analyses how Shelley represents dualities and demonstrates how her education through social norms and family relationships surrounded her with gender roles. Shelley’s tumultuous romance with the renowned romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and their unconventional marriage not only profoundly influenced his perspective on the world but also served as inspiration for his works. However, there was a persistent belief that the conflicts in their marriage fuelled his appreciation for the masculine power and scientific arrogance that were characteristic of Romanticism. The character of Frankenstein, embodied by Victor Frankenstein, serves as a focal point for Mary Shelley's critique of the overwhelming power of masculinity, which comes at the expense of human lives and leads to profound loneliness. This loneliness stems from the neglect of familial responsibilities. Shelley's admiration for her mother's feminist writings, alongside her complicated feelings toward her father, William Godwin, significantly influenced the development of themes such as parental abandonment and the longing for maternal affection in her novel, Frankenstein. The loss of her mother and her separation from her family were significant events in Mary Shelley's life that greatly influenced her writing of the novel. In "Frankenstein," she examines themes of parental responsibility and the consequences of indifference. This work emphasises how Shelley's personal experiences contributed to her feminist perspective and her critique of gender issues. By re-evaluating Shelley's family influences within the framework of feminism and gender studies, this article argues that her experiences provide valuable insights into gender representation and the role of women in nineteenth-century literature. The male characters in the novel are depicted as self-serving and ambitious, while the female characters consistently demonstrate fidelity and a willingness to obey.
Climate Change Coverage in News Media: A Case Study of the Nepali Media in the context of COP29
This research examines the representation and framing of climate change in Nepali media during the 29th UN Climate Change Conference (COP29), held from November 11 to 22, 2024, in Baku, Azerbaijan. By analyzing climate-related news content from two major national daily newspapers, state-owned (Gorkhapatra Daily) and private-owned (Kantipur Daily), published during the COP29 period, the findings reveal that public media provided significantly more coverage and prioritized environmental issues compared to private media. This disparity highlights the dominant role of state-owned media in focusing on climate change, while private-owned media took a more selective and less consistent approach to reporting on the issue. The study underscores the need for both media sectors to enhance their coverage by adopting a more balanced, diverse, and comprehensive approach to climate change reporting, ensuring a more inclusive discussion of climate issues in Nepal.
Critical Assessment of Rabindranath Tagore as a Short Story Writer
Rabindranath Tagore, one of the most influential literary figures of modern India, revolutionized the short story form in Bengali literature. This study critically assesses Tagore’s contribution as a short story writer, the thematic depth, narrative innovation, and socio-cultural consciousness embedded in his works. His stories transcend conventional romanticism to explore complex human emotions, social hierarchies, gender roles, and philosophical reflections on freedom and identity. Through a close reading of selected stories, this paper highlights how Tagore blended realism with lyrical prose, effectively portraying the lives of both the marginalized and the elite. The assessment also investigates Tagore’s unique ability to humanize societal critique without didacticism, positioning him as a pioneering force in the evolution of the Indian short story tradition.
Interspecies Kinship and Ecological Harmony in Dhan Gopal Mukerji’s “kari the elephant”
This paper explores the intricate human animal relationships and kinship depicted in “Kari the Elephant” by Mukerji, focusing on the profound bond between a young Indian boy and Kari, a five month old elephant. The narrative illustrates how Kari is treated as a family member, emphasizing the emotional connection and mutual care that defines their relationship. Drawing on theories from scholars like Harriet Ritvo and Eric Fudge, the paper argues that Kari embodies moral agency and individuality, challenging traditional views of animals as mere objects. The setting of the Indian jungle serves as an active participant in this bond, highlighting the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and nature. The boy’s interactions with Kari and other animals, such as the snake, crocodile and monkey, further illustrate themes of respect, coexistence and ecological balance. Through these relationships, Mukerji presents a vision of harmony with nature, where both human and animal exist in a shared, interdependent world. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of recognizing the emotional and ethical dimensions of human-animal relationships in literature.
Vulnerability of Disabled bodies as Societal Issues in A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry
Rohinton Mistry was a Parsi writer who depicted the lives and struggles of common man between 1947 – 1984. In his work he portrays about the reality of India aftermath independence. Most of his works such as ‘A fine Balance’, ‘Such a long journey’,‘Family Matters’, ‘The Tale of Firozsha Baag’, has a deep message related to socio-political and cultural realities of India. Major themes include: social inequality, caste system, political oppression, corruption, exile, migration, human resilience, silence, dignity, urban life, poverty, identity, cruelty and communal riots.
Analysis of the Influence of the Use of Twitter Registers in the Formal Language of Grade 12 Students
This study identified the predominant registers employed by Grade 12 students on Twitter and assessed the influence of these commonly used registers on their utilization of formal English language. A two-part survey was used to elicit the needed data and mean, and Pearson’s r was applied to obtain results. The findings of the study revealed that the most frequently used registers are dialect registers and the least employed are facetious registers. Further, the participants recognized that their proficiency in formal language is impacted by their utilization of vocabulary specific to Twitter. This suggests that most students face challenges in engaging in formal communication, possibly due to excessive exposure to informal language used on Twitter. Moreover, there exists a notable correlation between the frequency of Twitter usage and the formal English language usage among Grade 12 students. This demonstrates that employing linguistic registers in interacting with X or Twitter may result in a deterioration of their proficiency in formal communication. The study recommends a comprehensive intervention program that language teachers may use to mitigate the impact of the use of informal twitter registers on the language proficiency of the students.
Peshwa Bajirao I was an early 18th century general of the Maratha Empire of India. Bajirao I is remembered today as an invincible general. However, he is remembered more prominently for his romance with his second wife Mastani, a figure whose identity in history remains largely unrecorded. Over the past few decades, the love story of Bajirao and Mastani has been the subject of several textual and visual mediums but this study will focus a 2012 novel by Kusum Choppra and will look at Mastani to see how the female who remained mysteriously buried in history finds her space in 21st century exotic historical writing. From being a footnote in most histories, described as the mistress, or the court-dancer, to being the protagonist of Choppra’s novel Mastani, depicted as a fierce princess trained in politics, martial arts and intellectual diplomacy and a true companion to the peshwa, Mastani has come a long way. The paper will try to see, in light of feminism and the self-other dichotomy, how such authorial strategies of recording and recreating the historical female help the narrative thrive in the modern Indian marketplace.
Control on Thoughts and Ideas in the Dystopian Society
This study examines the mechanisms of thought control in dystopian societies as portrayed in George Orwell’s 1984, Animal Farm and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, focusing on the use of language, surveillance, propaganda and indoctrination. It explores how totalitarian regimes suppress individuality, manipulate ideology and enforce conformity through tools such as Orwell’s Newspeak and Thought Police and Atwood’s depiction of religious dogma and patriarchal dominance. By analyzing the psychological impact of such control on characters like Winston Smith and Offred, the research reveals how fear, isolation and repression erode personal autonomy and identity. The study also draws connections between these fictional narratives and real-world issues, including digital surveillance, misinformation and gender inequality. Through comparative analysis, it underscores the enduring relevance of Orwell’s and Atwood’s critiques, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of power, control and resistance and serving as a cautionary reflection on the fragility of intellectual freedom and democratic values in contemporary society.
Truths not yet believed: Florence Nightingale’s Cassandra as a social autobiography of Victorian women
This article examines Cassandra, an autobiographical essay written by Florence Nightingale, in its various experiments with the autobiographical form and its implications about representation and individuality. It demonstrates how Cassandra blurs the distinction between autobiography and political tract. Nightingale’s autobiography makes us rethink characteristic features of the autobiography form like the retrospective structure, the conversion narrative, and moments of self-reflection, when viewed from the position of women. Cassandra emerges as a work of persevering intellect from within a social space that had denied women the ability to articulate a critical understanding of their constricted lives, and demands a more meaningful role for women outside the family. Cassandra takes the shape of a collective autobiography bordering on a feminist tract that envisions a change in society on behalf of all women.
Wholeness in Renunciation: An Interpretative Inquiry into the Isha Upanishad and Its Echoes in the Bhagavad Gita
The Isha Upanishad, one of the most concise yet profound texts in the Upanishadic corpus, offers a radical vision of divinity pervading all existence. This paper explores the philosophical essence of the Isha Upanishad, with a particular focus on its opening mantra which declares the world to be enveloped by the Supreme Being. Through interpretative analysis, the paper connects the teachings of the Upanishad with the Bhagavad Gita, highlighting shared values of renunciation (tyaga), non-attachment (vairagya), and ethical engagement with the world. Drawing upon Advaita Vedanta, Stoicism, and real-world scenarios, the research contemplates how spiritual wisdom from ancient India remains dynamically relevant to modern life. The paper concludes by affirming the Isha Upanishad’s message of holistic living where inner realization leads to external harmony.
“Our Home and/ on Native Land”- A Perpetual Condemnation and Combat of the Aboriginals— A Case Study of George Ryga’s The Ecstasy of Rita Joe
Through a critical reading of George Ryga's landmark play The Ecstasy of Rita Joe (1967), this essay examines the ongoing marginalization and resistance of Canada's Indigenous peoples. With its roots in Ryga's personal experience as a cultural outsider and its inspiration from a real-life case of an Aboriginal woman who was murdered, the play effectively exposes the systemic racism, gendered violence, and cultural erasure that Aboriginal communities face. The article frames the ongoing discussion about Indigenous rights with the symbolic act of resistance performed by singer Jully Black, who changed the Canadian national anthem to highlight settler colonialism. The play illustrates how dominant colonial structures like the legal system, the Church, and others criminalize, silence, and obliterate Indigenous identity through Rita Joe's tragic story. The study looks at how memory sequences give voice to subaltern experiences while characters like Father Andrew and the Magistrate enforce assimilation. The study makes the case that Rita and Jaimie both embody marginalized voices fighting against imposed identities and systemic violence, drawing on postcolonial theory, particularly Gayatri Spivak's concept of the subaltern.
Blended Lexicons and Hybrid Tongues: Tracing Linguistic Innovation in Indian English Literature
This paper dwells upon the complex phenomenon of the evolution of the English language in the context of Indian literature, presenting a detailed discussion of how Indian writers have creatively appropriated and Indianized English to suit their indigenous cultural and socio-political exigencies. It delves into the ways by which English, a language which was imposed on the colony, has been 'monkeyed' and transformed into an authentic medium of expression. At the heart of this transformation are a set of linguistic innovations—code-mixing, semantic reassignments, syntactic play, and the use of regional idioms—that give writers a way to mirror the diverse and textured reality of Indian experience. Through an examination of the works of some eminent Indian English writers, the research demonstrates how these writers reject English grammar as it is otherwise written, and establish what amounts to an Indian accent in literature. Such recourse to mixed lexicons or hybrid tongues is not only the reflection of local realities but also a form of reclaiming linguistic agency in a postcolonial world. The paper claims that such linguistic creative practice is not mere stylistic exotica, but rather lies at the heart of identity empowerment, prevention of linguistic imperialism, and the telling of authentic life stories. The study, in the end, suggests that Indian English literature is not static but a pulsating and changing phenomenon in the scheme of world literature. By constantly testing the limits of the language, it both redefines the limits of English and enriches the literature of the world. And this continued evolution proves that Indian English writing has more than stood its ground, is a wonderful example of how language adapts and always remains at the centre of cultural self-expression.
Determinants of Second Language Acquisition: Exploring Key Variables and Their Interactions in L2 Learning
Second language acquisition (SLA) is a vital field in linguistics and education, involving understanding cognitive abilities, emotional states, and social contexts to develop effective language learning strategies. The study aims to identify cognitive, affective, social, and individual factors influencing L2 learning, assess their impact on language acquisition, and explore the potential for personalized instruction based on these determinants. This mixed-methods study involved 100 English learners aged 8-45, categorized into younger and older groups. Quantitative data was collected through standardized tests such as the modern language aptitude test, Gardener’s attitude/motivation battery, and questionnaires such as motivation questionnaire, exposure questionnaire, and a custom-designed questionnaire for L2 interaction in different contexts. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews and case studies to capture personal experiences in SLA. Quantitative data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis and factorial ANOVA. Thematic analysis of the participant's experiences and case studies was conducted for qualitative data analysis. The study found that age alone is not a predictor of SLA success, whereas motivation, exposure, and aptitude are most important among them. Younger learners had better pronunciation and grammatical accuracy, while older learners performed better in vocabulary and explicit grammatical knowledge. Integrative motivation was a significant predictor of L2 proficiency, while high language aptitude, particularly in phonetic coding and grammatical sensitivity, was linked to faster and more successful acquisition. Immersion environments were found to be more effective for L2 learning. Structural differences were causing negative L1 interference which significantly influences language learning. The study highlights the importance of age, motivation, aptitude, exposure, and L1 influence in L2 acquisition, emphasizing the need for personalized teaching strategies.
Researcher-Made Reading Drill Booklet and Students’ Oral Reading Fluency in Communication Arts Presentations
Teachers open the path for greater involvement and lifetime literacy skills by arming students with deliberate strategies. This quasi-experimental study investigated the effectiveness of a researcher-made reading drill booklet in enhancing the oral reading fluency of Grade 7 students at Bagumbayan National High School during the 2024–2025 school year. Forty students were selected to participate in a one-group pre-test-post-test design, utilizing Reader’s Theater and Choral Reading strategies as part of their communication arts presentation. The intervention consisted of daily ten-minute reading drills over two months to enhance oral reading fluency, word production per minute (WPM), and pronunciation. Pre-test results indicated low fluency levels, with mean WPM and pronunciation scores falling below grade-level expectations. Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed: WPM and pronunciation scores increased substantially, as confirmed by paired t-tests where t-statistics far exceeded the critical t-tab value. Reader’s Theater and Choral Reading contributed to these gains, with the greatest improvements noted in expressive and audible reading. However, some collaborative aspects, such as turn-taking, remained moderate. The findings demonstrate that structured, researcher-made reading drills effectively enhance key aspects of oral reading fluency, particularly accuracy and expression. It is recommended that such materials be integrated into regular instruction and supplemented with additional activities to further develop reading speed and collaborative skills.
Resilience and Survival: A Historical Study of Trepidation and the Holocaust through Anne Frank’s The Diary of a Young Girl
Anne Frank’s The Diary of a Young Girl is a poignant and enduring memoir that gained international acclaim following the author’s tragic death during the Holocaust. Written as a series of letters to her imaginary friend “Kitty,” the diary not only chronicles Anne’s daily life in hiding but also offers profound reflections on identity, fear, hope, and humanity. Through her candid and emotionally rich narrative, Anne provides a deeply personal account of Nazi persecution and the horrors of the Holocaust. Her voice stands as a symbolic representation of the over one million Jewish children whose lives were lost during this dark chapter in history. This paper explores how Anne’s diary serves both as historical testimony and literary artifact, emphasizing how conflicts rooted in racism, casteism, religious intolerance, and blind nationalism can lead to widespread destruction. It argues for the necessity of fostering empathy, dismantling segregation, and promoting love and humanity in the face of division and hatred.
Beyond the Veil: Reimagining Muslim Women’s Identities in the Global South
When addressing the ‘gender question,’ a key concept that emerges is diversity, particularly within marginalised and underrepresented groups. One such group is Muslim women, whose experiences are often discussed in public and academic discourse, yet rarely centred. This paper seeks to examine the gender stereotypes faced by Muslim women, both within their communities and from external societal structures. It further explores how power dynamics and patriarchal frameworks influence the formation and negotiation of Muslim women’s identities. Recognising the complexity of the term ‘Muslim women’, the paper will highlight the diversity and heterogeneity within this category, including women's lived experiences across different social, economic, and geographical contexts. Special attention will be given to the voices of both indigenous and migrant Muslim women, with a particular focus on the Global South. The study will engage with contemporary Muslim women writers and scholars contributing to a growing body of feminist Muslim scholarship, challenging dominant narratives and reclaiming space within both religious and feminist discourses. Ultimately, the paper aims to foreground the agency of Muslim women as they actively engage in the process of redefining and reclaiming their identities in the face of intersecting forms of marginalisation.
Jungian Archetypes within the AI-Simulated Māyā in the Film The Matrix
The study explores the intersection of Jungian archetypes and Vedantic philosophy within the context of The Matrix film focusing on the manifestation of archetypal structures within an AIsimulated reality The study examines how the Wachowskis employ the concept of My the divine illusion of perceived reality rooted in Vedic philosophy to construct a technologically mediated universe governed by artificial intelligence AI These archetypes are not merely character functions but are symbolic representations of universal psychic patterns that are repurposed by machine intelligence for control and containment Through a close textual and theoretical analysis this study argues that The Matrix film constructs a mythopoetic digital space in which archetypal narratives are simulated and commodified by AI transforming the collective unconscious into a programmable and manipulable system The cinematic landscape of the film reveals a complex philosophical engagement with the nature of reality identity and freedom in the posthuman age By mapping ancient psychological and metaphysical concepts onto a cybernetic framework the film offers a profound critique of digital modernity and the evolving relationship between human consciousness and machine intelligence
Memory as a Powerful Medium to Determine Identity in Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day
Since memory has often been considered a site of nostalgia and resistance, The Remains of the Day (1989) by an acclaimed Japanese-British writer named Kazuo Ishiguro appears to be telling the tale of how memories of past determine a person’s identity. The novel is set in England and the narrator is the quint-essential English Butler, Mr. Stevens who has given more than thirty years of his life to serve his English master, Lord Darlington at Darlington Hall. It is July 1956 and his present American master, Mr. Farraday wants him to go on a motoring trip for few days. Consequently, the butler decides to take a leisurely drive through the English countryside and it is during his trip, he realizes the futility of his life spent at Darlington Hall. Stevens, who had confined himself to the four walls and had always been pompous of his professional achievements, now realizes that he has achieved nothing in his life. It is pertinent to mention that though Stevens’s master sends him on a trip to relieve him from his duty for a few days but he (the butler) fails to disassociate himself from the past and it is his journey into the past that uncovers various doubts about how his own life has been and how he has failed in building good human relationships. The present paper, therefore, is a deliberate attempt to bring to the forth the memory as a powerful medium to determine one’s identity.
EI and Indian traditions in R.K. Narayan’s The Man Eater of Malgudi
In the words of Albert Eistein “A man’s ethical behavior should be centered on sympathy, education and social needs without religious bias. Men would in fact be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death. Indian writers created the themes based on Indian History, myth and emotions. R.K. Narayan’s The Man Eater of Malgudi depict emotional intelligence and human emotions to portray the individual. It is a voyage of creature to creator. The work conveyed ethics and Emotional Intelligence principles to the modern generation to up lift and follow humanitarian principles, without which society would remain as a chaotic piece of human world. This present research paper is an endeavor to study, investigate and understand issues related to religion, Emotional Intelligence and humanitarianism sublime themes from the work of R.K. Narayan in the contemporary society. His narration focusses on the ways in which Vasu’s mental processes reflect a conflict between desire and possessiveness.
Exploring Multimodal and Critical Dimensions in Discourse Analysis: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Approaches
This paper delves into the theoretical underpinnings of discourse analysis, specifically examining its multimodal and critical dimensions. As a starting point for comprehending discourse's multimodal character, it looks at the Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) method and Mediated Discourse Analysis (MDA). While Michael Halliday's SFL places an emphasis on language's social functions and its role in meaning construction across modes, Ron Scollon's MDA places an emphasis on the significance of mediated social action in discourse. Following this, the paper moves on to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), dissecting two seminal methods: Teun van Dijk's Sociocognitive Approach (SCA) and Ruth Wodak and Martin Reisigl's Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). By utilising these critical approaches, one can effectively analyse discourse for its power dynamics, ideology, and the way social identities are constructed. This paper seeks to provide a thorough understanding of the ways in which discourse is influenced by and shapes larger social, cognitive, and historical contexts by combining insights from critical theory with those from multimodal approaches.
An Analysis of Relationship between Social Media Usage, Loneliness, and Sexual Orientation Among Young Adults
This study investigates the relationship between social media usage perceived loneliness and sexual orientation among young adults Utilizing a sample of 77 participants aged 18 to 30 the research employed standardized tools including the Social Media Usage Scale SMUS the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 and the Kinsey Scale to assess participants digital behavior emotional isolation and sexual identity The findings revealed a moderate positive correlation between social media usage and loneliness r 052 p 001 suggesting that higher engagement with social media is associated with increased feelings of loneliness ANOVA results showed significant differences in loneliness scores across sexual orientation groups F3 73 594 p 001 with nonheterosexual individualsparticularly homosexual and bisexual participantsreporting the highest levels of loneliness Additionally a moderation analysis indicated that sexual orientation significantly influenced the strength of the relationship between social media usage and loneliness 029 p 005 with a stronger effect observed among LGBTQ individuals These findings underscore the dual nature of social media as both a space for identity expression and a source of emotional disconnection particularly for marginalized groups The study highlights the need for more inclusive and emotionally supportive digital environments for young adults navigating complex social and identityrelated challenges
Spirit of Nationalism in Mahatma Gandhi's Political Philosophy & Relevance in the Modern World
All of us know that the political influence of Gandhi ji in Indian politics and freedom movement remained one of the key determinants during 1917-1947, which is known as the Gandhian era of Indian freedom struggle against British Colonialism. Most of the scholars agree still today that Mahatma Gandhi made a substantial and crucial contribution to Indian ‘Nationalism.’ Actually, the idea of nationalism in his political spirit was born out of his experience of remaining and working strongly against the colonial discrimination with natives of the country as well as people residing from abroad including Indians in South Africa, consequently, the critical behaviour of the Britishers compelled Gandhi's desire to instill the spirit of nationalism within himself. Truely, Gandhi’s ideas on politics, truth, purity of means, Non-violence, Satyagraha, and secular perspectives on religion have since contributed to the development of the spirit of nationalism among all Indians. Therefore, Gandhi's nationalistic spirit and other perspectives on women's rights, rural development, decentralized democracy through the empowerment of Gram Panchayats, and the ideal of ‘Ram Rajya’ have also all contributed to the rise of nationalism in India. On the contrary, the idea of nationalism became more popular among all people as well as freedom fighters (both-liberalists & extremists) from the various segments of the Indian society or social classes, pressure groups, and religious leaders, and it was greatly influenced by the spirit of Gandhi's political philosophy such as: ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’, principles of ‘Non-violence’ and ‘Satyagraha’, the boycotting of the British discriminatory policies against Indians, and the active participation of the Indian masses into the freedom movement in the wake of 1920. Now through his entry as a successful agitator after getting the success in ‘Champaran Satyagraha’ in the year of 1917 in favour of indigo producer farmers, Gandhiji became a well-known political figure of the freedom movement throughout the country. Meanwhile, the political environment in the country emerged as a massive oppose in lieu of the ‘Rowlatt Act’ passed by the Britishers, which was called a black law in the historical journey of colonial rule in India. As a result, due to the protest by Indian masses, a big massacre at Jallianwala, Amritsar on 13th April, 1919, compelled the Indian freedom fighters like Gandhiji to take an active and effective step to oppose this brutality of the colonial government. The present research paper makes a theoretical review of the spirit of Gandhi's political philosophy in the perspective of nationalism in India and its relevance in the modern world.
Understanding the Concepts of Feminism in the Works of Sadat Hassan Manto: A Critical Analysis
Sadat Hassan Manto is a prominent Urdu-language writer from British India who have worked on emotions, trauma during partition. Manto's work acclaimed for its uncompromising depiction of societal truths, presents a diverse array of female characters that confront the patriarchal conventions and gender disparities that were common throughout his day. This study seeks to reveal the intricate portrayal of women in Manto's stories from a feminist perspective. It will analyze topics such as women's empowerment, strength in the face of adversity, and the examination of patriarchal systems. The study also explores the intricacies of intersectionality in Manto's narratives, analyzing how gender intersects with other social identities such as class, religion, and ethnicity. Further, this study examines the disputes and objections regarding Manto's depiction of women, while also emphasizing his impact on feminist discussions and the enduring significance of his themes in present-day society. This study aims to analyze Manto's writings from a feminist standpoint in order to highlight the lasting importance of his literary heritage in influencing discussions on gender, power, and social justice.
Curriculum Reform in Federal Nepal: Toward A Ground-up and Just Pedagogical Vision
This article explores curriculum reform in federal Nepal, focusing on the potential and challenges of creating a ground-up, justice-oriented pedagogical vision. Following Nepal’s shift to federalism in 2015, the decentralization of education governance has opened new spaces for localized curriculum development. However, structural centralism, bureaucratic inertia, and limited local capacity have hindered transformative change. Drawing on central pedagogy, decentralization theory, and textual analysis of provincial education plans, this study argues that curriculum reform must move beyond administrative devolution to become a participatory and culturally responsive process. The analysis reveals that while some provinces have begun incorporating local knowledge and languages, most reforms remain constrained by national frameworks and top-down implementation. The article calls for a reimagining of curriculum as a democratic, dialogical practice, grounded in the lived experiences of diverse Nepali communities. It proposes practical pathways—including inclusive curriculum committees, mother-tongue education, integration of indigenous knowledge, and localized teacher training—to build a more equitable and contextually relevant education system.
Experiences of Parents and Teachers of Sinugbuanong Binisaya as a Medium of Instruction in Math Subject for Grade 2 Learners
This study delved into the experiences of parents and teachers in the use of mother tongue as a medium of instruction in mathematics for the Grade 2 learners in three identified public elementary schools during the school year 2020-2021. The findings were the basis for implication for practice. It utilized a qualitative-phenomenological method through interview to 15 teachers and 30 parents from the three schools. An interpretative phenomenological analysis with the use of interview guide was performed in finding out the experiences of both the participants the parents and teachers. The result revealed that parents were more comfortable with using the local dialect and translating Sinugbuanong Binisaya terms to English while teaching their children at home since the learners can understand English more due to their exposure of the language on the internet. The advantages include familiarization of its own dialect while the disadvantages include lacks practicality. On the other hand, participants encountered challenges like unfamiliar words and various lengths of difficulties in understanding. Furthermore, the coping mechanism was to intensify home teaching using fitting strategy effect comprehension in math. It is concluded that teaching Sinugbuanong Bisaya as a medium of instruction in math subject greatly affects the learners. It is recommended that educational stakeholders, particularly curriculum developers and school administrators, consider a more flexible and context-sensitive approach in implementing the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) policy in mathematics instruction.
Echoes of Oppression: Comparative Insights into Dalit and Afro-American Experiences of Humiliation and Exploitation
This paper presents a comparative analysis of Dalit literature in India and Afro-American literature in the United States, focusing on autobiographies to explore themes of humiliation and exploitation. By examining works such as Omprakash Valmiki's "Jonathan," Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X," and Richard Wright's "Black Boy," the study analyzes the social, economic, and psychological impacts of systemic oppression. It investigates how autobiographical writing contributes to identity formation and resistance among marginalized communities. Key findings reveal significant similarities in the experiences of humiliation and economic exploitation faced by both Dalits and African Americans, highlighting the universal nature of systemic oppression. However, distinct historical and cultural contexts—caste-based discrimination in India and racial segregation in the US—shape unique manifestations of injustice. The paper underscores the critical role of literature in social activism, illustrating how personal narratives serve as powerful tools for documenting and challenging oppression. This study enhances global understanding of discrimination and promotes cross-cultural solidarity in the fight for social justice.
Distinctive Features of English in Facebook Posts of Filipino Senior High School Students
The unique characteristics of English as utilized by senior high school students in their Facebook posts were investigated in this study. The study used a corpus-based methodology, gathering and examining senior high school students' Facebook posts to identify emerging and common graphological features in terms of lexical and grammatical features. The lexical feature analysis of the dataset, which consists of 1,129 lexical items (390 nouns, 380 verbs, 174 adverbs, and 185 adjectives), shows a rich and balanced use of word classes that promote textual complexity and meaning creation. Adjectives and adverbs serve descriptive and modifying functions that enhance expressivity and specificity, while nouns and verbs dominate the lexical inventory due to their essential function in conveying concepts and actions. The examination of grammatical features, including 271 prepositions, 371 pronouns, 208 auxiliary verbs, 119 articles, and 142 conjunctions, amounting to 1,057 instances, revealed significant patterns that align with recent studies on English grammar usage and learner language. Pronouns, the most prevalent category, underscore their vital function in ensuring textual cohesion and referential clarity by substituting for nouns and avoiding repetition. Meanwhile, the notable frequency of prepositions and conjunctions reflects the intricate nature of syntactic relationships and the essential role these elements play in expressing spatial, temporal, and logical links between ideas, which are fundamental for creating grammatically sound and coherent texts. Findings revealed that the graphological substances in the Facebook posts of students include non-standard spelling by altering the conventional spelling of words, incorporating emojis, clippings and shortening of words, capitalization, using capitalization for emphasis, deviating from standard punctuation rules, blending of languages, omitted letters, and the use of lowercase instead of uppercase letters. The implications for English language teaching and learning in the Philippines, drawn from recent studies, span multiple dimensions including language teaching, learners, teachers, social media use, and the Filipino community as second language users.
The Influence of Technology on Contemporary English Drama
The technological revolution of the 21st century has had a profound impact on contemporary English drama, particularly in regard to the distinction between the physical and the virtual. This study aims to discuss the multifaceted influence of technology on English drama, including multimedia integration as an adjunct to performance art and transforming methods of storytelling and audience interaction. Using "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time" as a case study to investigate how technology has redefined the traditional limits of theater, it appears that while technological innovation provides avenues for innovation and accessibility, it also raises questions of authenticity and class regarding affordability. Ultimately, this study offers a comprehensive perspective on the synergistic relationship between contemporary English drama and technology, advocating for its moderation and balance against its growing sterility.
Study of George Orwell’s novel 1984 in light of China’s Social Credit System
This is the study of George Orwell’s novel 1984 in light of China’s social credit system explores the idea of Orwellian surveillance reflected in all over the world. China’s Social Credit System (SCS) is a mechanism that is designed to rate every citizen based on their behaviour. According to electronic media, SCS has been given a new Direction to China. Orwell’s 1984, a Dystopian novel that was published in 1949 it represent suppression of independent thoughts. It offers a keen study to analyze the extremeness and difference between SCS and the world depicted in 1984. This study sheds light on the numerous techniques used to maintain social norms and presents a framework for examining how SCS influences citizen behavior. By closely reading Orwell’s novel 1984, it engages with the themes of surveillance, totalitarianism, and manipulation. Here, the meaning of surveillance is to monitoring someone closely for control purposes. Totalitarianism describes a system in which the government exerts absolute control over all aspects of life, leaving people with no political freedom or choice. These three factors—surveillance, totalitarianism, and manipulation—contribute to the creation of dystopian societies. In the present scenario, the concept of digital dystopia emerges, where technology is used as a tool for surveillance and social manipulation. This paper highlights how modern digital surveillance mirrors Orwell’s nightmares. The SCS system is a digital system that can be seen as a Faustian deal, similar to Christopher Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus, in which doctor sells his soul to devil in exchange for 24 years of ultimate power. Likewise, Chinese Citizens trade their freedom and privacy with higher authorities in exchange of privileges and for good opportunities. This study identifies key features of Orwellian warnings and raise concerns about free will and democracy. To analyse, it is essential to divide it into key points and break down various stages to find the findings of rebirth and re-education in 1984 as well as in China’s SCS. These stages serve as a lens for deeper exploration and help to build a corelative understanding between the two.